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Teflon-coated frying pans routinely endure temperatures that would cause polyethylene or polypropylene to oxidize and decompose. Decomposition of polyethylene is initiated by free-radical abstraction of a hydrogen atom by O2 Bond-dissociation energies of C—H bonds are about 400 kJ/mol, and C—F bonds are aboul 460 kJ/mol. The
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- Using the bond breaking and bond forming method, estimate the enthalpy associated with combusting one mole of hydrogen with molecular oxygen to form water under standard conditions (1 M, 1 atm, 298 K).arrow_forwardChloral, Cl₃C-CH=O, reacts with water to form the seda-tive and hypnotic agent chloral hydrate, Cl₃C-CH(OH)₂. DrawLewis structures for these substances, and describe the change inmolecular shape, if any, that occurs around each of the carbonatoms during the reactionarrow_forward18. (a) Molecule N₂H4 (1) + 2 H₂O2 (1) → N2(g) + 4 H₂O (1) Complete the following table: Lewis Dot Structure (use dots or lines to show bonds) (b) (c) (d) N₂H4 H₂O2 N₂ H₂O Calculate the AH°rxn using average bond energies (Table 9.4 in textbook) Calculate the AH°rxn using the standard enthalpies of formation (Appendix 2 in textbook) Why are these two values slightly different?arrow_forward
- A chloride ion and a sodium ion are separated by a center–center distance of 0.5 nm. Calculate the interaction energy (the energy required to pull them infinitely far apart) if the medium between them is (a) water and (b) n-pentane . Express the energy in joules per mole of ion pairs. [Note: The charge on an electron is 1.602 * 10-19 C, Avogadro’s number is 6.02 * 1023 molecules/mol.]arrow_forward4. (a) Draw the shape of the atomic valence orbitals formed by the overlaping of two fluoride 2p atomic orbitals. (b) Draw the molecular orbital diagrams for F2 and F2*. Identify their bond order and magnetic properties. (c) An unstable nucleus exhibit radioactivity. (i) Explain how the number of protons and neutrons in a radioactive nucleus can be used to predict its probable mode decay. (ii) Illustrate your answer in (i) with a schematic graph.arrow_forwardThe dipole moment of gaseous Ag – Cl is ? = 6.08 D, and the bond distance is r(Ag − Cl) = 228. 1 pm. Calculate the percent ionic character for this bond in the gas phase. In solid form it is however, found the following values for the two silver halides Ag − CL and Ag − F: See image Explain why solid silver chloride is sparingly soluble in water, while solid silver fluoride is moderately soluble B) Explain why solid silver chloride is sparingly soluble in water, while solid silver fluoride is moderately soluble Given extra information: Formal charge: ?? = ??? – (??? + ???); where ??? = valence electrons in free atom, ???= free-pair electrons, ??? = number of bonds to the atom. The elementary charge: ? = 1.6022 × 10−19 C.1 Debye (?)= 3.3356 × 10−30 C × m. The dipole moment has definition: ? = ? × ?, where ? is partialcharge in Coulomb (?), ? is the bond distance (?). Picometer: 1 ?? = 1 × 10−12arrow_forward
- Explain A One-Step Mechanism (bond breaking and bond making occur at the same time) ?arrow_forwardIn a hydrogen molecule, the two hydrogen atoms are held together by a single bond with a bond energy of 436 kJ/mol of hydrogen. In other words, to break the H-H bonds in one mole of molecular hydrogen requires the expenditure of 436 kJ of energy. Using the balanced chemical equation for the formation of water from oxygen and hydrogen (shown above), and interpreting the stoichiometric coefficients as mole amounts, how much energy must be expended in breaking the H-H bonds? kJarrow_forwardCalculate the heat of burning ethane (C2H6) in oxygen to give CO₂ and water vapor. What is the minimum energy required to synthesize sulfur dioxide from sulfuric acid?arrow_forward
- 1. Three iodine (1) atoms can form both a cation, 13+¹ and an anion, 13¹. Predict the molecular shape of both ions. Hint: "All work" should include valence electron counts and a Lewis Dot structure.arrow_forward14:41 x Which one of the following statements is correct? A. All metals are shiny and can conduct electricity. B. Metalloids are referred to as semiconductors. C. Density of metals are the opposite of non-metals, while metalloids have no density. D. Non-metals are used as conductors because they do conduct well. 5문 • T Which one of the following statements is correct: The name of As2O3 is arsenic trioxide. The name of O²- is an oxygen ion. The name of Fe2(SO4)3 is Iron (III) sulfite. The name of MnO4 is permanganate. A. B. C. D. Which one of the following statements regarding quantum numbers and shells is correct? A. The primary quantum number, n, can have a number of 1.5. B. A subshell p can hold 6 electrons. C. n = 2 can have the following subshells: s, s and p. D. A d subshell can have 3 orbitals. Which one of the following least describes something related to the periodic table? A. Noble gas elements B. Alkali metals C. Alkynes D. Halides Add a caption... 4G Ò > Status (Custom)arrow_forwardWhat is the molecular geometry of the PF4^+ (15P & 9F). Explain your answer brieflyarrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning